The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan before and during World War II. It was the largest Asian war in the twentieth century. Although the two countries had fought intermittently since 1931, full-scale war started in earnest in 1937 and ended only with the surrender of Japan in 1945. The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese imperialist policy aiming to dominate China politically and militarily to secure its vast raw material reserves and other resources. At the same time, the rising tide of Chinese nationalism and notions of self determination stoked the coals of war. Before 1937, China and Japan fought in small, localized engagements in so-called "incidents". Yet the two sides, for a variety of reasons, refrained from fighting a total war. The 1931 invasion of Manchuria by Japan is known as the "Mukden Incident". The last of these incidents was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937, marking the official beginning of full scale war between the two countries. From 1937 to 1941, China fought alone. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the Second Sino-Japanese War merged into the greater conflict of World War II. (more)
Genres: politics
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Marco Polo Bridge Incident:
The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變, 七七盧溝橋事變 or the Lugouqiao Incident) was a battle between the Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army and the Imperial Japanese Army, marking the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese W
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Mukden Incident:
The Mukden Incident of September 18, 1931, known in Japanese as the Manchurian Incident, occurred in southern Manchuria when a section of railroad, owned by Japan's South Manchuria Railway, near Mukden (today's Shenyang) was dynamited. The Imperial J
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Mitsubishi:
The Mitsubishi Group, Mitsubishi Group of Companies, or Mitsubishi Companies is a Japanese conglomerate consisting of a range of autonomous businesses which share the Mitsubishi brand, trademark and legacy. The Mitsubishi group of companies form a lo
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Chiang Kai-shek:
Chiang Kai-shek ( ; Jyutping: zoeng 2 gaai 3 sek 6 ), GCB (October 31, 1887 - April 5, 1975), served as Generalissimo of the national government of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 until his death in 1975. He was sometimes referred to simply as
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Chinese Civil War:
The Chinese Civil War ( ) or ( ), which lasted from April 1927 to May 1950, was a civil war in China between the Kuomintang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Chinese Communist Party (CPC). Gay, Kathlyn. [2008] (2008). 21st Century Books. Mao
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History of China:
The recorded history of China began in the 15th century BC when the Shang Dynasty started to use markings that evolved into the present Chinese characters. Turtle shells with markings reminiscent of ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty have
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History of Japan:
The written history of Japan begins with brief references in the 1st century AD Twenty-Four Histories, a collection of Chinese historical texts. However, archaeological evidence indicates that people were living on the islands of Japan as early as th
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History of the Republic of China:
The history of the Republic of China ( ) begins after the Qing Dynasty in 1912, when the formation of the Republic of China ended over two thousand years of Imperial rule. The Qing Dynasty, also known as the Manchu Dynasty, ruled from 1644-1912. Sinc
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Republic of China Air Force:
Republic of China Air Force Personnel53,000 (2004 est.) Combat aircraft420 (2005 est.) Early warning6 Transport36 Electronic warfare5 Helicopters35 The Republic of China Air Force ( ) is the aviation branch of the military of the Republic of China (T
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Military of the Republic of China:
The Republic of China (commonly known as "Taiwan") maintains a large and technologically advanced military establishment, which accounted for 16.8% of the central budget in the fiscal year of 2003. It is historically continuous with the Nationalist A
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Military history of China:
The military history of China extends from about 1500 BCE to the present day. China has the longest period of continuous development of military culture of any civilization in world history. Like the history of China, it is conventionally divided int
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Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere:
The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (Kyūjitai: 大東亞共榮圈, Shinjitai: 大東亜共栄圏 Dai-tō-a Kyōeiken) was a concept created and promulgated during the Shōwa era by the government and military of the Empire of Japan which represented the desire to create
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Military history of Japan:
The military history of Japan is characterised by a long period of feudal wars, followed by domestic stability, and then foreign conquest. It culminates with Japan's defeat by the Allies in World War II. Since then, Japan's constitution has prohibite
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New 1st Army:
New 1st Army ( ) was reputed as the most elite Chinese military unit of the Kuomintang. Nicknamed the "1st [Best] Army Under the Heaven" ( ) during the Chinese Civil War, it caused the most Japanese Army casualties during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-
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World War II:
World War II, or the Second World War, was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The war involved the m
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Attack on Pearl Harbor:
The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack against the United States' naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii by the Japanese navy, on the morning of Sunday, December 7, 1941, resulting in the United States becoming involved in World War II. It was
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Total war:
Total war is a conflict of unlimited scope in which a belligerent engages in a total mobilization of all available resources at their disposal, whether human, industrial, agricultural, military, natural, technological, or otherwise, in order to entir
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Unit 731:
Unit 731 was a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit of the Imperial Japanese Army that undertook lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and World War II. It was responsible for som
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Battle of Shanghai:
The Battle of Shanghai was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China and the Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was one of the largest
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Whampoa Military Academy:
The Nationalist Party of China Army Officer Academy ( ), commonly known as the Whampoa Military Academy ( ), was a military academy in the Republic of China (ROC) that produced many prestigious commanders who fought in many of China's conflicts in th
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January 28 Incident:
{{Infobox Military Conflict |conflict=January 28 Incident |partof=the Second Sino-Japanese War |image= |caption= Chinese 19th Route Army in defensive position |date= January 28 – March 3 1932 |place= in and around Shanghai, China |result= ceasefire;
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Battle of Wuhan:
The Battle of Wuhan ( ), popularly known to Chinese as the Defense of Wuhan ( ), and to the Japanese as the Invasion of Wuhan (Japanese: 武漢攻略戦 Bukan koryakūsen), was a large-scale battle of the Second Sino-Japanese War. More than one million National
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The Hump:
The Hump was the name given by Allied pilots in the Second World War to the eastern end of the Himalayan Mountains over which they flew from India to China to resupply the Flying Tigers and the Chinese Government of Chiang Kai-shek. The pilots starte
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Pacification of Manchukuo:
The Pacification of Manchukuo, was a campaign to pacify the resistance to the newly established puppet state of Manchukuo between the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies of Manchuria and later the Communist Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army and the Impe
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Defense of the Great Wall:
The Defense of the Great Wall ( ) (January 1 – May 31 1933) was a campaign between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, which took place before the Second Sino-Japanese War officially commenced in 1937. It is known in Japanese as Oper
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American Volunteer Group:
The American Volunteer Groups were volunteer air units organized by the government of the USA in order to aid the Nationalist government of China against Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The only unit to actually see combat was the Flying Tiger
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Li Zongren:
Li Zongren or Li Tsung-jen ( ) (13 August 1890 - 13 January 1969), courtesy name Delin (德鄰), was prominent Guangxi warlord and Kuomintang (KMT) military commander during the Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War. He served as vice-president
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Chen Cheng:
Chen Cheng (Traditional Chinese: 陳誠; Simplified Chinese: 陈诚; Hanyu Pinyin: Chén Chéng) (January 4, 1897 - March 5, 1965), Chinese political and military leader, was one of the main Kuomintang (KMT) commanders during the Second Sino-Japanese War and t
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Battle of Xuzhou:
The Battle of Xuzhou was fought between Japanese and Chinese forces in May of 1938 during Second Sino-Japanese War. In 1937, the North China Area Army had chased Song Zheyuan's 29th Army to the south along the Jinpu Railway (see Tianjin–Pukou Railway
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1939-40 Winter Offensive:
The 1939–40 Winter Offensive was one of the major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
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Operation Chahar:
Operation Chahar, known by the Japanese as チャハル作戦, Operation Quhar and by the Chinese as the 长城抗战 (Battle of the Great Wall), this campaign occurred in August 1937 following the Battle of Beiping-Tianjin at the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese W
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Xi'an Incident:
The Xi'an Incident of December 1936 ( ) is an important episode of Chinese modern history, taking place in the city of Xi'an during the Chinese Civil War between the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) and the rebel Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and just before
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Invasion of French Indochina:
The Japanese Invasion of French Indochina, also known as the Vietnam Expedition, was an attempt by the Empire of Japan, during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China and prevent it from importing arms, fuel and 10,000 tons/month materials sup
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Battle of Taierzhuang:
The Battle of Tai'erzhuang ( ) was a battle of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938, between armies of Chinese Kuomintang and Japan, and is sometimes considered as a part of Battle of Xuzhou. Tai'erzhuang is located on the eastern bank of the Grand C
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Battle of Beiping-Tianjin:
The Battle of Beiping-Tianjin ( ) or Peiking Tientsin Operation or by the Japanese as 北支事変 (Northern China Incident) (25 July – 31 July, 1937) was a battle fought during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the proximity of Beiping (now Beijing) and Tianj
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Battle of Changsha (1944):
The Battle of Changsha (1944), also known as the Battle of Hengyang or Battle of Hengyang-Changsha, was an invasion of the Chinese province of Hunan by Japanese troops near the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War. As such, it encompasses three separa
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Battle of Changsha:
The term Battle of Changsha can refer to at least six separate events. * Battle of Changsha (3rd century) — Wars of Three Kingdoms based only on vague historical evidences (see talk). * Battle of Changsha (1930) — Gunboat diplomacy * Battle of Changs
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Second United Front:
The Second United Front was the alliance between the Kuomintang (KMT) and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the Second Sino-Japanese WarorWorld War II, which suspended the Chinese Civil War from 1937 to 1946. During the Japanese invasion and occup
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Battle of Changsha (1939):
Battle of Changsha (September 17, 1939 – October 6, 1939) was the first attempt by Japan to take the city of Changsha, China, during the second Sino-Japanese War.
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New Fourth Army Incident:
The New Fourth Army Incident (新四軍事件), also known as the Wannan Incident (皖南事变), occurred during the Second Sino-Japanese War, during which the Chinese Civil War was in theory suspended, uniting the Communists and Nationalists against the Japanese. It
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Suiyuan Campaign (1936):
The Suiyuan Campaign was an engagement between the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China and the Japanese-trained Inner Mongolian/Grand Han Righteous Armies before the outbreak of official hostilities during the Second Sino-Japanese Wa
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Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang:
The Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang ( ), also known as the Battle of Zaoyi was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese were seeking a quicker solut
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Battle of South Guangxi:
The Battle of South Guangxi ( ), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. In November of 1939, the Japanese landed on the coast of Guangxi and captured
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Battle of Changsha (1941):
The Battle of Changsha (September 6 – October 8, 1941) was Japan's second attempt in taking the city of Changsha, China, the capital of Hunan Province as part of the second Sino-Japanese War.
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Toshizo Nishio:
Toshizō Nishio was a Japanese general, considered to be one of the Imperial Japanese Army's most successful and ablest strategists during the Second Sino-Japanese War, who commanded the Japanese Second Army during the first years after the Marco Polo
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Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang:
The Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang ( ), also known as the Battle of Suizao was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Near the end of April, 1939, to secure t
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Sun Li-jen:
Sun Li-jen (Traditional Chinese: 孫立人; Hanyu Pinyin: Sūn Lìrén) (December 8, 1900-November 19, 1990) was a Kuomintang (KMT) general, best known for his leadership in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. His achievements earned him t
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Song Zheyuan:
Sòng Zhéyuán (宋哲元) (October 30, 1885-April 5, 1940) was a Chinese general during the Chinese Civil War and Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).
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Defense of Harbin:
The Defense of Harbin occurred during the early Second Sino-Japanese War, as part of the campaign of the Invasion of Manchuria by forces of the Empire of Japan from 25 January to 4 February 1932.
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Battle of Changde:
The Battle of Changde ( ) was a major engagement in the Second Sino-Japanese War. On November 2, 1943 the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) invaded and occupied the undefended city of Changde. On November 18, 9,000 troops from the 57th Division of the NRA
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Battle of Nanchang:
The Battle of Nanchang (Traditional Chinese: 南昌會戰, Simplified Chinese: 南昌会战) was a major battle between the Chinese National Revolutionary Army and the Japanese Imperial Japanese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was the first major conflict t
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Hanyang 88:
The Type 88, sometimes known as "Hanyang 88", was a Chinese rifle that was issued to the regular Nationalist Revolutionary Army during Second Sino-Japanese War. The name derived from the Hanyang Arsenal factory that made this rifle. The rifle had a b
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Battle of Northern and Eastern Henan:
During the Second Sino-Japanese War the Japanese 1st Army under Lt. General Kiyoshi Katsuki drove the Chinese forces of General Cheng Chien's 1st War Area out of Northern and Eastern Honan until they were stopped by the disastrous 1938 Yellow River f
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Du Yuming:
Du Yuming (py) or Tu Yü-ming (wg) (杜聿明) (November 28, 1903-May 7, 1981) was a Kuomintang field commander active in the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) theatre of World War II and in the Chinese Civil War from 1945 to 1949. A trusted protégé of Chiang K
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Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933-36):
The Campaigns in Inner Mongolia from 1933-1936 were part of the ongoing invasion of northern China by the Empire of Japan prior to the official start of hostilities in the Second Sino-Japanese War. In 1931, the invasion of Manchuria secured the creat
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Zhang Zizhong:
Zhāng Zìzhōng (Traditional Chinese: 張自忠, Simplified Chinese: 张自忠; Wade-Giles Chang Tzu-chung) (1891-May 16, 1940) was a Chinese general of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Born in Linqing in Shandong province
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Canton Operation:
The Canton Operation was part of a campaign by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China to prevent it from communicating with the outside world and importing needed arms and materials. Control of Canton and the Pearl River Delta wo
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Tianjin–Pukou Railway Operation:
The Japanese 津浦線作戦 or Tientsin–Pukow Railway Operation (Early August to mid November, 1937) was a follow up operation to the Peiking Tientsin Operation of the Japanese army in North China at the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese
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Jiangqiao Campaign:
The Jiangqiao Campaign was a series of battles and skirmishes occurring after the Mukden Incident, during the invasion of Manchuria by the Imperial Japanese Army in the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
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Battle of South Henan:
The Battle of South Henan ( ), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
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Battle of Guilin-Liuzhou:
The Battle of Guilin-Liuzhou ( ), also known as the Battle of Guiliu was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. This battle was the third of the three-pa
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Wei Lihuang:
Wei Lihuang ( ; 16 February 1897-17 January 1960) was a Chinese general who served the Nationalist government throughout the Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War as one of China's most successful military commanders. First joining the Kuomi
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Battle of West Hubei:
The Battle of West Hubei ( ), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was also one of the four major battles that took place in Hubei. It resulted
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He-Umezu Agreement:
The He-Umezu Agreement was a secret agreement between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China concluded on 10 June 1935 immediately prior to the outbreak of general hostilities in the Second Sino-Japanese War.
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Battle of Toungoo:
Battle of Toungoo, Mar. 24-30, 1942, was one of the key battles in the Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road in the Burma Campaign of World War II and Second Sino-Japanese War.
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1938 Yellow River flood:
The 1938 Yellow River flood was a flood created by the Nationalist Government in central China during the early stage of the Second Sino-Japanese War in an attempt to halt the rapid advance of the Japanese forces.
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Central Hupei Operation:
The Central Hupei Operation was one of the engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Known as the Central Hupei Operation, East and West of Hsiang River, in Japan it is called
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Western Hopei Operation:
The Western Hopei Operation was one of the engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Three Infantry, one Cavalry and an artillery Regiment of the 13th Division crossed to the s
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Swatow Operation:
The Swatow Operation, (June 21–27,1939) was part of a campaign by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China to prevent it from communicating with the outside world and importing needed arms and materials. Control of Swatow would pro
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Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact:
The Sino-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (中蘇互不侵犯條約) was signed on August 21, 1937, between the Republic of China and the Soviet Union during the Second Sino-Japanese War. At first the treaty led to improving relations between the Kuomintang, Chiang Kai-she
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Yin Ju-keng:
Yin Ju-keng (Chinese: 殷汝耕) (1885 - 1947) was leader of a collaborationist Japanese puppet state in north China in the Second Sino-Japanese War Born in 1885, and graduated from Waseda University, Yin participated in the Nationalist Revolution of 1911
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Shirō Ishii:
Shirō Ishii was a microbiologist and the lieutenant general of Unit 731, a biological warfare unit of the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
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Collaborationist Chinese Army:
The Collaborationist Chinese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War went under different names at different times depending on which puppet regime it was organized under. After the Mukden Incident, the forces that went over to the Japanese were formed
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Battle of Xinkou:
The Battle of Xinkou ( ) was the second of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
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Chinchow Operation:
The Chinchow Operation was an operation during the invasion of Manchuria as part of the campaign of the Invasion of Manchuria by forces of the Empire of Japan in the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
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Battle of Wanjialing:
Battle of Wanjialing, well known in Chinese text as the Victory of Wanjialing ( ) refers to the Chinese Army's successful engagement during the Wuhan theatre of the Second Sino-Japanese War against the Japanese 106th Division around the Wanjialing re
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Tang Shengzhi:
Tang Shengzhi (唐生智), Tang Sheng-chih , (1889-April 6, 1970) was a Chinese warlord during the Warlord Era, a military commander during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and a politician after World War II. During the warlord era, Tang first sided with Chi
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Kesago Nakajima:
Kesago Nakajima was a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and has been implicated in the Nanjing massacre of December 1937.
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Sichuan invasion:
The Sichuan Invasion, also known as the Chongqing Operation, Chongqing Campaign or Operation 5, was the Imperial Japanese Army's failed plan to destroy the Chongqing-based Chiang Kai-shek government during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was to be a
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Amoy Operation:
The Amoy Operation was part of a campaign by Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War to blockade China to prevent it from communicating with the outside world and importing needed arms and materials. Control of Amoy Island would provide a base to m
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Battle of West Hunan:
The Battle of West Hunan (湘西會戰), also known as the Chihchiang Campaign (芷江作戰) was the Japanese invasion of west Hunan and the subsequent Chinese counterattack that occurred between 6 April 1945 and 7 June 1945, during the last months of the Second Si
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Battle of Central Henan:
The Battle of Central Henan, was the first offensive in the Japanese Operation Ichi-Go during the Second Sino-Japanese War. In the Battle of Central Henan, 390,000 Chinese soldiers, led by General Tang Enbo (汤恩伯), were deployed to defend the strategi
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Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge:
The Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge was a small battle fought between forces of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army against the Imperial Japanese Army and collaborationist forces, after the Mukden Incident during the Invasion of Manchuria at the st
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Battle of South Shanxi:
The Battle of South Shanxi ( ), also known as the Battle of Jinnan and as Chungyuan Operation by the Japanese, it was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese W
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Sun Lianzhong:
Sun Lianzhong (Traditional Chinese: 孫連仲 ; Simplified Chinese: 孙 连仲 ; pinyin: Sun Lianzhong; Wade-Giles: Sun Lian-chung (1893-1990) General during the Warlord Era, Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War. Best known for his commanded of the 2nd
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Battle of Shanggao:
The Battle of Shanggao ( ) was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It ended in Chinese victory.
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Motives of the Second Sino-Japanese War:
In order to understand the complexity of the involvement of China and Japan, and the later involvement of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and France in the Second Sino-Japanese War, it is important to appreciate the underlying
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League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War:
The League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War was set up by a group of the Diet of Japan, in support of Japanese government policy in pursuing the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was disbanded later, during the advanced stages of t
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Hu Kexian:
Hu Kexian (胡克先) was one of the generals of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of China (ROC) during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. The 6th year graduate of the famous Huangpu Army Academy (黃埔軍校) at the age of 19, Hu Kexian
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Chinese armies in the Second Sino-Japanese War:
The Second Sino-Japanese War was fought between the Chinese and Japanese armies, mostly on Chinese soil, during the late 1930s and early 1940s. Western historians generally view the Second Sino-Japanese War as a theater of World War II. During this w
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Republic of China:
The Republic of China (Abbr: ROC; ; POJ: Tiong-hoa Bin-kok) is a state in East Asia that has evolved from a single-party state with full global recognition into a multi-party democratic state with limited international recognition. It was a founding
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National Revolutionary Army:
The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) ( , sometimes shortened to 國軍 or National Army) was the party army of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1925 until 1947, as well as the national army of the Republic of China during the KMT's period of party rule beginni
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Curtiss P-40:
The Curtiss P-40 was an American single-engine, single-seat, all-metal fighter and ground attack aircraft that first flew in 1938. It was used by the air forces of 28 nations, including those of most Allied powers during World War II, and remained in
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Imperial Japanese Army Air Force:
The Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (often called the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAF), was the land-based aviation force of the Imperial Japanese Army. As with the IJA itself, the IJAAF was developed along the lines of Imperial German Arm
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Holy war:
Holy war may refer to: * a Religious war justified by religious differences. * The Cherem referred to in the Tanakh. * Crusades * French Wars of Religion * Jihad, a duty for Muslims which has different meanings. * Reconquista * Seisen, the name given
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Feng Yuxiang:
Feng Yuxiang ( ) (1882-1948) was a warlord during Republican China. As the son of an officer in the Qing Imperial Army, Feng spent his youth immersed in the military life. He joined the army at age 16 and proved himself to be hard working and motivat
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Eighth Route Army:
The Eighth Route Army ( ) was the larger of the two major Chinese communist forces that formed a unit of the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China which fought the Japanese from 1937 to 1945. In contrast to most of the National Revolut
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Burma Road:
The Burma Road is a road linking Burma (also called Myanmar) with the China. Its terminals are Kunming and Lashio, Burma. When it was built, Burma was a British colony. The road is long and runs through rough mountain country. The sections from Kunmi
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Shina (word):
; ɕina) are Romanized Japanese transliterations for the Chinese character compound "支那" which is viewed by most Chinese people as a highly offensive racist term for China. Originally a word used neutrally in both Chinese and Japanese, the word gained
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Wang Jingwei Government:
The Wang Jingwei Government was a government under the leadership of Wang Jingwei in the Republic of China, set up by the Empire of Japan in March 1940. It is also sometimes called the Nanjing Nationalist Government ( ), or the Republic of China-Nanj
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New Fourth Army:
The New Fourth Army ( ) was a unit of the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China established in 1937. In contrast to most of the National Revolutionary Army, it was controlled by the Communist Party of China and not by the ruling Kuomin
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Sino-Japanese relations:
China and Japan have had a long official and non-official relationship. China has strongly influenced Japan with its writing system, architecture, culture, religion, philosophy, law, and political and economic interaction. When Western countries forc
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Ma clique:
The Ma clique ( ) was a family of warlords who ruled the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia from the 1910's until 1949. The three most prominent warlords were Ma Bufang, Ma Hongkui, and Ma Hongbin, collectively known as the Xibei San Ma
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Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945):
Formally established in 1920 as the Aviation Ministry, the Chinese Air Force was active during the tenure of the Nationalist Republic of China on the Asian mainland. As tensions mounted between the China and Imperial Japan in the 1930's, a number of
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Tang Enbo:
Tang Enbo ( , http://www.zjda.gov.cn/show_hdr.php?xname=CP0GHU0&dname=TTSVHU0&xpos=9) was a Nationalist general in the Republic of China. Along with Hu Zongnan and Xue Yue, Tang was one of the Kuomintang generals most feared and respected by the Jap
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Dadao:
The dadao (大刀) (big knife) one of the varieties of dao or Chinese saber, is also known as the Chinese great sword. Based on agricultural knives, dadao have broad blades generally between two and three feet long, long hilts meant for "hand and a half"
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Sino-German cooperation (1911–1941):
Sino-German cooperation during the 1920s and 1930s refers to the cooperation between China and Germany. The cooperation was instrumental in modernizing the industry and the armed forces of the Republic of China, immediately prior to the Second Sino-J
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Hakko ichiu:
Hakkō ichiu was a Japanese political slogan that became popular during the first part of the Showa era, and was popularized in a speech by Prime Minister of Japan Fumimaro Konoe on 1940-08-01. The term was coined early in the twentieth century by Nic
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Xue Yue:
Xue Yue (Chinese: 薛岳; pinyin: Xuē Yuè) (December 26, 1896 - May 3, 1998) was one of Nationalist China's best generals. Nicknamed by General Claire Chennault of Flying Tigers fame as the Patton of Asia. Born to a peasant family in Canton, Xue joined t
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Alexander von Falkenhausen:
Alexander Ernst Alfred Hermann von Falkenhausen (October 29, 1878 - July 31, 1966) was a German general. He was the head of the military government of Belgium from 1940-44 during its occupation by Germany in World War II. He is related to Ludwig von
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Hu Zongnan:
Hu Zongnan ( ), courtesy name Shoushan (壽山), was a general in the National Revolutionary Army and then the Republic of China Army. Together with Chen Cheng and Tang Enbo, he formed the triumvirate of Chiang Kai-shek's most trusted generals during the
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Beiping–Hankou Railway Operation:
The Japanese 京漢線作戦 or Peiking–Hankou Railway Operation (Mid August – Dec. 1937) was a follow up operation to the Peiking Tientsin Operation of the Japanese army in North China at the beginning of the 2nd Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese advanced to th
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Yunnan clique:
The Yunnan Clique ( ) was one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang Government in the Republic of China's warlord era. It was named for Yunnan Province. Cai E is regarded as the founder of the clique when at the
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Zhang Zhizhong:
Zhang Zhizhong ( ) (1895-1965) was a general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China. He was in charge of the 5th Army during the 1932 battle at Shanghai. Commanding the 9th Army Group (第九集團軍), Zhang oversaw for a second time the
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Chen Gongbo:
Chen Gongbo ( ; Wade-Giles: Ch'en Kung-po, 1892-1946) Chinese politician, was the Head of the Legislative Yuan of the Wang Jingwei's puppet state, the Nanjing Nationalist Government. Born in Nanhai, Guangdong, China in 1892. Chen Gongbo, had been a f
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Dwarkanath Kotnis:
Dwarkanath Shantaram Kotnis (b. October 10, 1910 in Solapur District, Southern Maharashtra, India - d. December 9, 1942, in China), Chinese name: 柯棣华, Pinyin: Kē Dì Huá, Devanagari द्वारकानाथ शांताराम कोटणीस) was one of five Indian physicians dispatc
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Battle of Xiushui River:
The Battle of Xiushui River was fought in March 1939 as part of the Battle of Nanchang, northeast of Nanchang, China. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese artillery forces marched a long distance into the vast area of continental China. They
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Zhou Fohai:
Zhou Fohai (1897-1948, 周佛海), Chinese politician, and second in command of Wang Jingwei's collaborationist Nanjing Nationalist Government Executive Yuan. Born in Hunan Province in 1897, Zhou chose a political career after studying in Japan. He attende
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Shanxi clique:
The Shanxi clique(晉系) was one of several military factions that split off from the Beiyang Army during China's warlord era. Though a close associate of Duan Qirui, Shanxi's military governor, Yan Xishan, did not join Duan's Anhui clique. He kept his
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Jakob Rosenfeld:
Jakob Rosenfeld (1903-1952), more commonly known as General Luo, served as the Minister of Health in the Government of China under Mao Zedong. Jewish doctor turned 'Buddha savior' under Mao Ynet Rosenfeld, a Jew born in Lemberg, the Austro-Hungarian
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Wang Kemin:
Wang Kemin, Wang Ke-min, 王克敏, (1873 or May 4, 1879-December 26 1945) President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China a Japanese puppet state based in Beijing, formed on December 14 1937. In 1900 he had a diplomatic post in Japan, and
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Battle of Wuyuan:
The Battle of Wuyuan (March 16 – April 3, 1940) was a counterattack that defeated the Japanese invasion of the Wuyuan area. The in reaction to the Chinese 1939-40 Winter Offensive in Suiyuan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese call it 第
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Second Guangxi Campaign:
The Second Guangxi Campaign (Late April-July, 1945) was a Chinese counteroffensive against the Japanese forces that had taken Guangxi during Operation Ichigo and aimed at the recovery of all Guangxi province. One of the final campaigns of the Second
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Zhang Fakui:
Zhang Fakui (张发奎) (Wades-Giles: Chang Fu-kuei) (1896-1980) was a Chinese Nationalist General. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Zhang Fakui commanded the 8th Army Group in the Battle of Shanghai in 1937, 2nd Army Corps in the Battle of Wuhan in 19
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German-trained divisions in the National Revolutionary Army:
The German trained divisions were divisions in the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) trained under Sino-German cooperation. These divisions were active in the Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War. In 1927, after the dissolution of the First
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Fang Xianjue:
Fang Xianjue was born in a small Jiangsu village gentry family in 1903. After studying with the village tutor, he went to Xuzhou Provincial High School, and later studied at the Nanjing 1st Industrial School, then later went to National Central Unive
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