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Cartilage: Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix composed of collagen fibers, abundant ground substance rich in proteoglycan, and elastin fiber

Reflex hammer: A reflex hammer is a medical instrument used by physicians to test deep tendon reflexes. Testing for reflexes is an important part of the neurological physical examination in order to detect abnormalities in the central or peripheral nervous system.

Knee examination: The knee examination, in medicine, is performed as part of a physical examination, or when a patient presents with knee pain or a history that suggests a pathology of the knee joint. The exam includes several parts: *position/lighting/draping *inspec

Tibia: The tibia, shinbone, or shankbone is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates and connects the knee with the ankle bones.

Anterior cruciate ligament: The anterior cruciate ligament (or ACL) is one of the four major ligaments of the knee. It connects from a posterio-lateral part of the femur to an anterio-medial part of the tibia. These attachments allow it to resist anterior translation of the tib

Medial collateral ligament: The medial collateral ligament of the knee is one of the four major ligaments of the knee. It is on the medial (inner) side of the knee joint in humans and other primates. It is also known as the tibial collateral ligament, or abbreviated as the MCL.

Posterior cruciate ligament: The posterior cruciate ligament (or PCL) is one of the four major ligaments of the knee. It connects the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the medial condyle of the femur. This configuration allows the PCL to resist forces pushing the tibi

Popliteal fossa: The popliteal fossa is a space or shallow depression located at the back of the knee-joint. The bones of the popliteal fossa are the femur and the tibia.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL reconstruction) is a surgical tissue graft replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament, located in the knee, to restore its function after anterior cruciate ligament injury. The torn ligament is remove

Lateral meniscus: The lateral meniscus, also called the external semilunar fibrocartilage is a fibrocartilaginous band that spans the lateral knee. It is nearly circular and covers a larger portion of the articular surface than the medial meniscus. It can occasionally

Posterior intercondylar area: Posteriorly, the medial condyle and lateral condyle are separated from each other by a shallow depression, the posterior intercondyloid fossa (or intercondylar area), which gives attachment to part of the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee-joint

Medial meniscus: The medial meniscus is a fibrocartilage band that spans the medial knee, and lies on the head of the tibia. It is also referred to as the internal semilunar fibrocartilage, as it is nearly semicircular in form. It is a common site of injury, especial

Lachman test: A Lachman test is a medical test used for examining the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) in the knee for patients where there is a suspicion of a torn ACL. To do this, lay the patient supine on a bed. Put the patient's knee in about 20-30 degrees fle

Lateral epicondyle of the femur: The lateral epicondyle of the femur, smaller and less prominent than the medial epicondyle, gives attachment to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint. Directly below it is a small depression from which a smooth well-marked groove curves o

Unhappy triad: An unhappy triad (or terrible triad, or O'Donoghue's triad ) is an injury to the knee. It commonly occurs in contact sports (such as American football). The mechanism for this injury occurs when a lateral (outside) force to the knee is received while

Medial epicondyle of the femur: The medial epicondyle of the femur is a large convex eminence to which the tibial collateral ligament of the knee-joint is attached. At its upper part is the adductor tubercle, and behind it is a rough impression which gives origin to the medial head

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty:

Pivot-shift test: Lateral Pivot Shift Test for Anterolateral Knee Instability This test can be use to look at the anterolateral structures’ of the knee and look for sprains of the different structures’. This test is performed with the patient lying supine with the hip

Arcuate popliteal ligament: The arcuate popliteal ligament is an extracapsular ligament of the knee.

Femur: The femur is the thigh bone. In humans, it is the longest, most voluminous, and strongest bone. The average human femur is 48 centimeters (19 in) in length and 2.34 cm (0.92 in) in diameter and can support up to 30 times the weight of an adult. It fo

Fibula: The fibula or calf bone is a bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity

Patella: The patella or kneecap is a thick, triangular bone which articulates with the femur and covers and protects the knee joint. It is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body. It is attached to the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, which contra

Meniscus (anatomy): In anatomy, a meniscus is a moon-shaped figure. It usually refers to either of two specific parts of cartilage of the knee. The knee contains a lateral meniscus and a medial meniscus. Both are cartilaginous tissues that provide structural integrity t

Hinge joint: In the hinge joint (ginglymus), the articular surfaces are moulded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only in one plane, forward and backward, the extent of motion at the same time being considerable. The direction which the distal bo

Stifle joint: The stifle joint is a complex joint in the hindlimbs of quadruped mammals such as the sheep, horse or dog. It is the equivalent joint to the human knee. The stifle joint consists of the femorotibial articulation (femoral and tibial condyles), femorop